In [K 828] only ḳäṭṭay 'one who follows' and ḳǝṭṭay 'branch' are attested; according to [LGur 511], from ḳäṭälä 'to attach one thing to another' with l palatalized into y (on "occasional loss of l" in AMH see [LGz XXVI])

    According to Leslau, from *ḳäṭäla, with a loss of -*l (see comments to AMH above)

    A derived pattern; according to Leslau, from ḳṣy 'to cut', which is not convincing semantically. For the same reason, not to be compared to such MSA forms as MHR máḳṣa 'end' from ḳǝṣō 'to end (of a road)' [JM 241]

    Meanings in ARB, GEz and SOQ rather diverse; S. ETH examples may be of a different origin.

    Cf. also ETH: TNA ḳʷǝč̣ bälä 'sedersi, accommodarsi bene a sedere' [Bass 301] and AMH ḳiṭ 'buttocks, anus' [K 826], possibly related.

    Cf. *ḳimṣ(No. ).

    [Holma 136]: AKK (kimṣu), GEZ; [LGz 457]: GEZ (connection with AKK kim/nṣu, kiṣṣu is refuted)

    According to Leslau, "le ʔ initial est un ʔ prosthétique" [ibid.]; rather a prefix (ʔi- < *ʔa- influenced by -i- of the second syllable?). Note that lbib 'conscience' [LS 228] is likely an Arabism

    [Fron 47] (*libb- 'cuore' /GEZ,ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK); [Holma 69]: AKK, ARB, HBR, SYR, GEZ; [KB 513]: HBR, UGR, PHO, ARM, ARB, ESA, GEZ, TGR, AKK; [DLU 240]: UGR, HBR, PHO, ARM, AKK, ARB, ESA, GEZ; [Brock 354]: SYR, ARM, HBR, ARB, AKK, GEZ; [LGz 304]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, ESA, SOQ, HBR, ARM, UGR, AKK; [LS 61]: SOQ, JIB, HBR, ARM, AKK, GEZ, ARB, ESA

    Soden wonders if this is a SUM loanword [ibid.]. Part of the forms with prefixed ʔi- (<*ʔa- influenced by -i- of the second syllable implying *ʔa-libbuh_-?)

    Note a translation 'vésicule de musc' in [Belot 718]; lbh_ V 'se parfumer de musc' [ibid.]

    Note also malʔatu, malʔātu, and metathetic maʔlatu 'trachea or uvula' SB [CAD m1 161], [AHw 594] (on the m- prefix see Introduction); alternatively to be treated as derivatives from alātu/laʔātu 'to swallow' quoted above

    With a meaning shift from 'throat, pharynx' likely accounted for by a "glottal" phonation of Arabic. Cf. laɣam- 'nerfs et veines de la langue' [ibid. 1006] (on the suffixed -m see Introduction)

    While the first -n is probably a nominal suffix (see Introduction), the second -n may reflects the PS dual suffix *-āni/*-ayni non-productive in MSA (cf. MHR QISHN in *lVɣ- 'jaw', No. ). Note a very interesting meaning shift from 'throat, pharynx' to 'branchiae, gill' as a breathing organ

    Cf. a series of derived verbal forms likely to have developed independently in different languages meaning to do through, or by means of, the throat: AKK laʔātu 'to swallow' MB, SB [CAD l 6], [AHw 521] (cf. also what is likely a metathetic verb alātu 'to swallow' OB on [CAD a1 336], [AHw 35] <*ʔalātu); HBR lʕʕ, lwʕ 'to stammer' [KB 533]; SYR laʕ 'lampsit, linxit' [Brock 368]; ARB lɣw 'parler; se tromper en parlant; se gorger d'eau sans éteindre sa soif' [BK 2 1007], wlɣ 'laper, boire en introduisant la langue dans le liquide' [ibid. 1604] (cf. also variant forms with *-ʕ: luʕāʕat- 'gorgée', laʕʕāʕat- 'chanteur ou musicien qui fait des efforts infructeux avec le gosier pour chanter' [ibid. 999]; lāʕiⁿ 'qui lèche' [ibid. 1004]; lʕlʕ 'tirer la langue par suite de la soif et de la chaleur' [ibid. 1002]); GEZ lāʕlǝʕa 'to stammer, stutter' [LGz 304], TGR laʕläʕa 'parler vivement' [LH 46], TNA laʕläʕe 'to stammer' [LGz 304] (not in [Bass]), AMH lele 'nonsense word interspersed in songs' [K 41]; HRS leɣ 'to lap up with the tongue [LH 83] (leɣwet 'nonsense' [ibid] looks an Arabism).

    [Holma 31]: AKK, HBR, SYR (lōʕā); [LS 235]: SOQ, AKK (luʔʔu, lētu), HBR, SYR (see above); [KB 532]: HBR, JUD (also lwḥʔ), SYR, ARB (luʕāʕat'gulp'), AKK

    Compared in [Holma 33] to HBR lōăʕ 'throat' (see *luɣ- 'throat, pharynx', No. ) and JUD lūʕā 'jaw' (see *lVɣ- 'jaw', No. ), which is not convincing (on lah_û 'jaw' see *lVɣ- 'jaw', No. ). Cf. attaʔu 'fang (?)' [CAD a2 511] (no translation in [AHw 87]) thought by Holma [Holma 151] and other authors to be from altaʔu (i.e. from *ʔa-ltaḥ- or *ʔa-ltaʕ- with an infixed -t- ?); see discussion in [LGz 319]

    Cf. latḥa 'to take a mouthful of liquid, blow up the cheeks' [ibid.] regarded by Leslau as a reconstructed denominative from maltāḥt which he unconvincingly relates, after Dillmann, to HBR *maltāʕōt, mǝtalʕōt (incorrect transliteration for mǝtallǝʕōt) 'jawbones', counter to Pretorius who reasonably compared the GEZ stem with the infixed -t- to HBR lǝḥī 'cheek' [ibid.]

    <*li/uḥay or, possibly, <*laḥay (ǝ <*a near a guttural followed by a front vowel); mǝltǝḥ 'temple, upper part of the cheek' [LH 41]

    Metathetic from the stem with infixed -t-, cf. GEZ and TGR; typologically similar to HBR mǝtallǝʕōt, see *lVɣ- 'jaw', No.

    Cf. QALAN-B láḥan 'amygdale' [ibid.], with suffixed -n and a specific meaning shift

    Note MSA forms with prefixed m- and ETH ones with prefixed m- and infixed -t- (cf. also a derived verb in AMH mälätta 'to press one's hand against one's cheek' [K 154] <*maltaḥa) to be typologically compared to similar HBR examples in *lVɣ- 'jaw', No.

    MSA forms such as MHR lǝḥyēt 'chin, beard' [JM 254], HRS leḥyīt 'beard' [JH 84], JIB lǝḥyɛ́t 'chin, beard; jaw' [JJ 163], SOQ láḥyeh 'barbe' [LS 231] (leḥyeh [SSL 1 281]) are very likely Arabisms.

    Cf. *lVɣ- 'jaw' (No. ).

    [Fron 45] *laḥy-(at-) 'guancia': SOQ, TGR, ARB, JUD, HBR, UGR, AKK; [DLU 243]: UGR, HBR, ARB, AKK (lah_û); [LS 244]: HBR, JUD (liḥyā), ARB, AKK (lah_û)

    [AHw 533] translates the word as 'eine grosse Mücke'; as for the contexts in which no insect is conceivable, they are treated as 'Schwellung durch Mückenstich' (note the first meaning 'a fly' given for this word in [CAD]). Forms in n are explained by l- > n- before -m. Note that lamṣatānu is found as a MB name of a horse [AHw 533], which is interesting in view of the meaning of ARB lamad_̣- and AMH lämṭo

    [LGz 316]: GEZ, ETH, ARB

    -ss- is supported by recent studies like [Mäk Arg 199]

    The reduplicated -ss- in ARM and ETH suggests a derived noun of the verb *lšš {} *lss 'to lick', if not for the fact that the latter is attested only in ARB lss 'lécher; manger' [BK 2 989]. Cf., however, variant roots: ARB lws 'goûter; tourner un morceau dans la bouche' [ibid. 1041], lhs 'lêcher' [ibid. 1032]; SEM *lḥš {} *lḥs 'to lick': ARB lḥs [ibid. 937], ETH *lḥs [LGz 311] and, possibly, AKK lâšu 'to taste, lick' [CAD l 111] which may as well be from *lhš related directly to ARB lhs; for AFRASIAN cf. HAUSA lā̀sā́ 'to lick' [Abr 615], likely <*lHs, see [O-S 356], but possibly an Arabism [Fron 45] (*lišān- 'lingua' /GEZ,ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK/) [Holma 25]: AKK,HBR,SYR,ARB,GEZ (discussion on possible verbal origins of the root in question quoting ARB lhs, lḥs eventually refuting this hypothesis) [DLU 249]: UGR,ARM,PHO,HBR,EBL,AKK,ESA,ARB,GEZ [KB 536]: HBR,ARM,UGR,ARM,AKK,ARB,GEZ,TGR (quoting ARB lss as a possible origin of this word) [Brock 371]: SYR,ARM,HBR,ARB,AKK,GEZ [LGz 318]: GEZ,ETHSEM,ESA,ARB,SO Q,HBR,ARM,UGR,AKK [LS 236]: SOQ,MSA,ARB,HBR,ARM,GEZ,AKK

    Cf. a variant root lat_ʕat- 'le bas des lèvres à l'intérieur, cette partie des lèvres qui touche aux racines des dents' [ibid. 965]

    Note ARB lit_-at- 'gencive' [BK 2 967]; if related to ARB lat_aɣat-/lat_ʕat-, -ɣ and -ʕ as third radicals remain unexplained (see also lat_āt- 'morceau de chair très-délicat à l'endroit du gosier d'où dépend la luette' [ibid. 967]; lt_lt_ 'parler d'une manière inintelligible ou obscure' [ibid.]; lt_m 'donner un coup de poing dans le museau; casser les dents de devant a quelqu'un, l'édenter; toucher avec les levres' [ibid. 966]).

    [Holma 24]: AKK, ARB (lat_ʕat-, lit_at-, lat_lat_at-)

    Can be better explained as 'brain' in KTU 1.3 V 23-25: am[...] ḳdḳdk.ašhlk. šbtk[.dmm.]šbt.dḳnk.mmʕm "I'm able to destroy (?) your skull, to make the blood run by your grey hair, the brain by the grey of your beard". The same meaning fits well the other context, KTU 1.3 II 13-15: brkm.tɣl[l] bdm.d_mr.ḥlḳm.bmmʕ mhrm "he plunged the knees into the blood of the warriors, the throat (?) into the brain of the soldiers". As for the Anlaut mm-, it may be accounted for by either m- prefix or, rather, an evolution of the reduplicated stem *mVʕmVʕ- > *mVm(m)Vʕ-; another example, gngn and ggn 'insides', see in *gan(a)n-, No. (cf. also and a regular similar process in AKK)

    Dissimilation < *maʕām-at- < *maʕmaʕ-at-? (can it be by contamination with nuh_h_-, nah_āh_at- 'moelle' [ibid. 1219] ?)

    Cf. *muh_h_- 'brain, marrow', No.

    Note a meaning shift. Cf. māʔu 'excrement' [CAD m1 435] (LL; equated to AKK paršu suggesting the meaning 'non-digested food in the stomach', see *part_- {} *parč-, No. ). Otherwise <AA *hamw/y-at-

    Note that the context /Dan 2.32/ clearly points to external part of the belly, abdomen, so also one context in Biblical HBR /Ct 5.14/, presumably under ARM influence

    According to Leslau [ibid.], from E. CUSH: OROMO moʔo 'loins, back', but rather related to the present root with a meaning shift

    <*miʕʕ with dissimilation of the second ʕ ? Cf. miʕeh 'côté' [ibid].], with a comment: "d'après le contexte on pourrait aussi traduire "intestins""; cf. QALAN-V míʕhɔʔ 'intestins' [SSL LS 1466] (the ending -ɔʔ is difficult to explain)

    [Brock 373]: SYR, JUD, ARB, GEZ; [LGz 332]: GEZ, ETH, SYR, JUD, ARB (incl. HḌR)

    Translated as 'Nerven?' in [AHw 602]

    Note pl. mennē and me(ʔ)nnē (interesting in the light of a similar formation in ARB)

    What is meant is probably rectus abdominis, a straight muscle of the abdomen

    Cf. AKK minītu (in pl.) 'limbs, body (sum of all parts of the body)' (also 'shape, size' OB on [CAD m 86] united with manītu 'normal size of an object, normal number, etc.' [ibid.]), [AHw 655]; UGR mnt 'Glied' [Aist 188] (united with 'Teil, Portion' [ibid.]), 'miembro?' in [Olmo 580] (also united with 'porción, ración, trozo'). Should these AKK and UGR words be made into a separate SEM root *mVnVt- 'limb, body part' or be regarded as part of the present root with a semantic shift 'muscle' > 'limb'?

    Cf. *matn- 'sinew, tendon' (No. ), a metathetic variant root?

    [Holma 6]: AKK, SYR; [Brock 393]: SYR, AKK

    Note that Holma's remark "martu wahrscheinlich aus marratu sinkopiert" is not convincing since a phonetic development of this kind is not typical of AKK

    Cf. PB mārā 'drop, poison' [Ja 838]

    Cf. ʔamurr- 'intestins' [ibid.]; related with a meaning shift?

    Not without difficulties: possibly the reduplication of -r- is just not marked, while -ān remains to be explained; the meaning, however, is a decisive argument for relating the TGR form to the present root. Cf. also märrät 'the dark bitter extract of Dobera glabra used for the conservation of butter' [ibid. 113], which may be a metaphoric development of 'gall, bile' or a derivative of märrä 'to be bitter'

    According to Leslau, "r becomes n in non-initial position when originally geminated" [ibid. LI], which suggests a possibility of the underlying proto-form *marra

    [Fron 42] (*marir-at- 'bile' /HAR,ARB,SYR,HBR,AKK/); [Holma 79]: AKK, HBR, JUD, SYR, ARB; [KB 639]: HBR (mǝrērā, mǝrōrā), ARM, AKK, ARB, HAR; [Brock 400]: SYR, ARB, AKK, HBR; [LS 252]: SOQ, ARB, HBR, SYR, AKK

    Related to SEM *rpḳ 'to lean, recline (on one's elbow); to hit, touch one's elbow': HBR mitrappäḳät (hitp, f. part.) 'leaning, supporting oneself' [KB 1279]; ARB rfḳ 'toucher, frapper, atteindre quelqu'un au coude', VIII 's'accouder, s'appuyer sur son coude' [BK 1 899-900]; GEZ rafaḳa 'to recline (at the table), lie down, sit (at the table)' [LGz 463], AMH räffäḳä 'to sit down in reflection' [K 432]

    Semantically difficult (probably a parallel development can be seen in ARB ǧild- ~ ǧald- 'verge, pénis' [BK 1 313])

    Cf. timtān-, timtīn- 'couture des pièces qui composent la tente' [ibid.]

    According to Kane [ibid.], from GEZ

    [Fron 43] (*matn- 'tèndine' /GEZ,ARB,SYR,HBR,UGR,AKK/); [Holma]: AKK, GEZ (also ARB, HBR, SYR referring to *ma/utn- 'hip, loin; flesh of the back', No. ); [LGz 372]: GEZ, ETH, AKK (also ARB, SOQ, ARM, HBR, UGR referring to *ma/utn- 'hip, loin; flesh of the back', No. )